A Retrospective Evaluation of DPP-4 Inhibitors in Type-2 DM

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. The increasing prevalence of T2DM has become a major global health concern due to its association with severe microvascular and macrovascular complications. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a newer class of oral hypoglycemic agents widely used in the management of T2DM because of their favorable efficacy and safety profile. These agents act by inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme, thereby prolonging the activity of incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which enhance insulin secretion and suppress glucagon release in a glucose-dependent manner. Commonly prescribed DPP-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin are also reviewed for their effectiveness and tolerability. This study may provide valuable evidence regarding the real-world clinical utility of DPP-4 inhibitors and support rational therapeutic decision-making in diabetic patient management.